Technical Bulletin

An overview of the gut and its function

A bird's gastrointestinal tract (GIT or gut) is a specialised tube that extends from the beak or mouth to the cloaca (Figure). The primary function of gut is to break down and digest food into its constituent parts so that the bird may absorb and use them. The crop, proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), and large intestine (ceca and cloaca) are the five distinct sections of the gut (Figure). Each of these sections plays a distinct part in the process of digestion and nutrient absorption.

The feed enters the crop, where it is temporarily stored before moving on to various regions of the gut to reach the ileum. By the time the digesta reaches the last section of the ileum during normal digestion, all the proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates get absorbed, leaving behind the feed's indigestible components (e.g., cellulose, non-starch polysaccharides, etc.).

The balance of nutrition, enteric and environmental factors: Maintaining gut health

Maintaining the delicate balance between the host, the intestinal microbiota and the management of macro and microenvironment of poultry birds is essential for gut health. Therefore, the quality of the feed ingredients they eat and the habitat in which the birds live can all have a considerable impact on maintaining this balance. Complete feed digestion and nutritional component absorption occur when gut health is at its best. Incomplete digestion and nutrient absorption, which can result in malabsorption and gut imbalance, can happen if the usual functions of the gut are disrupted. The health and performance of the birds may be impacted if there is any imbalance in the gut environment, which puts their gut health risk. Maintaining gut health in poultry is essential to raising top performing birds. When properly managed, good gut health in poultry empowers birds to fight off disease.